Tag: logging tips

Microservices on Kubernetes: 12 Expert Tips for Success

Posted on by eugene evdokimov

In recent years, microservices have emerged as a popular architectural pattern. Although these self-contained services offer greater flexibility, scalability, and maintainability compared to monolithic applications, they can be difficult to manage without dedicated tools. 

Kubernetes, a scalable platform for orchestrating containerized applications, can help navigate your microservices. In this article, we will explore the relationship between Kubernetes and microservices, key components and benefits of Kubernetes and best practices for deploying microservices on the platform.

Before we dive in, let’s take a moment to understand the concept of microservices and examine some of the challenges they present, such as log management.

What are microservices?

Microservices are an architectural style in software development where an application is built as a collection of small, loosely coupled, and independently deployable services. 

Each service represents a specific business capability and operates as a separate unit, communicating with other services through well-defined APIs. These services are designed to perform a single task or function, following a single responsibility principle.

In contrast to traditional monolithic architectures, where the entire application is tightly integrated and deployed as a single unit, microservices break down the application into smaller, more manageable pieces.

Source: https://aws.amazon.com/compare/the-difference-between-monolithic-and-microservices-architecture/

Benefits of microservices 

Adopting a microservice architecture has several benefits. The decentralized nature of microservices enables them to operate independently, allowing separate development, deployment, and scalability. This autonomy leads to decentralized decision-making, fostering an environment where teams can work autonomously. 

Additionally, it allows developers to use different technologies and frameworks across microservices, as long as they adhere to standardized APIs and communication protocols.

The modular structure of microservices brings flexibility and agility to development, facilitating easy modifications and updates without disrupting the entire application.

This flexibility enables development teams to swiftly respond to changing requirements, accelerating time-to-market. It also means that a failure in one service does not cascade to affect others, resulting in a more robust overall system. 

Lastly, microservices support horizontal scaling. Each service can replicate itself to handle varying workloads, ensuring optimal resource utilization and scalability as the application grows. 

Challenges of microservices 

While microservices offer many advantages, they also introduce complexities in certain areas, such as observability. In a monolithic application, it is relatively easy to understand the system’s behavior and identify issues since everything is tightly coupled. As an application is divided into independent microservices, the complexity naturally rises, requiring a shift in how observability is employed within the system. This is especially true for log observability for microservices, since we now have independent services that generate an important amount of logs when interacting with each other and handling requests. 

Other challenges of microservices include managing inter-service communication, data consistency, and orchestrating deployments across multiple services. Thus Kubernetes can help you by offering a robust and efficient solution to handle these challenges and streamline the management of microservices.

Components of Kubernetes

Before delving into the advantages of using Kubernetes for microservices, let’s take a brief look at its key components. 

A Kubernetes cluster is composed of a Control Plane and Worker Nodes. Each worker node is like a stage where your applications perform. Inside these nodes, you have small units called pods, which are like mini-containers for your applications.

These pods contain your application’s code and everything it needs to run. The control plane is like the mastermind, managing the entire show and keeping track of all the worker nodes and pods, making sure they work together harmoniously. The pods will also orchestrate the deployment, scaling, and health of your applications.

Source: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/components/

Kubernetes also provides other valuable features, including: 

  1. Deployments

With Deployments, you can specify the desired state for pods, ensuring that the correct number of replicas is always running. It simplifies the process of managing updates and rollbacks, making application deployment a smooth process..

  1. Services 

Kubernetes Services facilitate seamless communication and load balancing between pods. They abstract away the complexity of managing individual pod IP addresses and enable stable access to your application services.

  1. ConfigMaps and Secrets

ConfigMaps and Secrets offer a neat way to separate configuration data from container images. This decoupling allows you to modify configurations without altering the container itself and enables secure management of sensitive data.

  1. Horizontal Pod Autoscaling (HPA)

HPA is a powerful feature that automatically adjusts the number of pods based on resource utilization. It ensures that your applications can handle varying workloads efficiently, scaling up or down as needed.

Benefits of using Kubernetes for microservices

Kubernetes provides several advantages when it comes to managing microservices effectively.

  1. Scalability

Kubernetes excels at horizontal scaling, allowing you to scale individual microservices based on demand. This ensures that your applications can handle varying workloads effectively without over-provisioning resources.

  1. High availability

Kubernetes provides built-in self-healing capabilities. If a microservice or a node fails, Kubernetes automatically restarts the failed components or replaces them with new ones, ensuring high availability and minimizing downtime.

  1. Resource management

Kubernetes enables efficient resource allocation and utilization. You can define resource limits and requests for each microservice, ensuring fair distribution of resources and preventing resource starvation.

  1. Rolling updates and rollbacks

With Kubernetes Deployments, you can seamlessly perform rolling updates for your microservices, enabling you to release new versions without service disruption. In case of issues, you can quickly roll back to the previous stable version.

  1. Service discovery and load balancing

Kubernetes provides a built-in service discovery mechanism that allows microservices to find and communicate with each other. Additionally, Kubernetes automatically load-balances incoming traffic across multiple replicas of a service.

  1. Automated deployment

Kubernetes enables the automation of microservices deployment. By integrating CI/CD pipelines with Kubernetes, you can automate the entire deployment process, reducing the risk of human errors and speeding up the delivery cycle.

  1. Declarative configuration

Kubernetes follows a declarative approach, where you specify the desired state of your microservices in YAML manifests. Kubernetes then ensures that the actual state matches the desired state, handling the complexities of deployment and orchestration.

  1. Version compatibility

Kubernetes supports various container runtimes, such as Docker and containerd, allowing you to run containers built with different versions of the runtime. This makes it easier to migrate and manage microservices developed with diverse technology stacks.

  1. Community and ecosystem

Kubernetes has a vibrant and active open-source community, leading to continuous development, innovation, and support. Additionally, an extensive ecosystem of tools, plugins, and add-ons complements Kubernetes, enriching the overall user experience.

  1. Observability and monitoring

Kubernetes integrates well with various monitoring and observability tools, providing insights into the performance and health of microservices.

12 tips for using microservices on Kubernetes

Creating and deploying microservices on Kubernetes involves several steps, from containerizing your microservices to defining Kubernetes resources for their deployment. Here’s a step-by-step guide, featuring our Kubernetes tips, to help you get started:

1. Containerize your microservices

Containerize each microservice and Include all dependencies and configurations required for the service to run.

2. Set up Kubernetes cluster

Install and set up Kubernetes. Depending on your requirements, you can use a managed Kubernetes service (e.g., GKE, AKS, EKS) or set up your own Kubernetes cluster using tools like kubeadm, kops, or k3s.

3. Create Kubernetes deployment manifest

Write a Kubernetes Deployment YAML manifest for each microservice: Define the desired state of the microservice, including the container image, resource limits, number of replicas, and any environment variables or ConfigMaps needed.

4. Create Kubernetes service manifest 

If your microservices require external access or communication between services, define a Service resource to expose the microservice internally or externally with a Kubernetes Service YAML manifest. 

5. Apply the manifests

Use the kubectl apply command to apply the Deployment and Service manifests to your Kubernetes cluster. This will create the necessary resources and start the microservices.

6. Monitor and scale

Observability is especially important in microservices due to the challenges posed by the distributed and decentralized nature of microservices architecture. To ensure the best user experience, it is essential to have robust tools and observability practices in place. .

Once your observability tools are up and running, consider setting up Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) to automatically scale the number of replicas based on the metrics you gather on resource utilization.

7. Continuous integration and continuous deployment

Integrate your Kubernetes deployments into your CI/CD pipeline to enable automated testing, building, and deployment of microservices.

8. Service discovery and load balancing

Leverage Kubernetes’ built-in service discovery and load balancing mechanisms to allow communication between microservices. Services abstract the underlying Pods and provide a stable IP address and DNS name for accessing them.

9. Configure ingress controllers

If you need to expose your microservices to the external world, set up an Ingress Controller. This will manage external access and enable features like SSL termination and URL-based routing.

10. Manage configurations and secrets

Use ConfigMaps and Secrets to manage configurations and sensitive data separately from your container images. This allows you to change settings without redeploying the microservices.

11. Rolling updates and rollbacks

Utilize Kubernetes Deployments to perform rolling updates and rollbacks seamlessly. This allows you to release new versions of microservices without service disruption and easily revert to a previous stable version if needed.

12. Security best practices

Implement Kubernetes security best practices, such as Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), Network Policies, and Pod Security Policies, to protect your microservices and the cluster from potential threats.

What to find out more? Check out our introduction to Kubernetes observability for best observability practices with Kubernetes.

7 JSON Logging Tips That You Can Implement

Posted on by eugene evdokimov

When teams begin to analyze their logs, they almost immediately run into a problem and they’ll need some JSON logging tips to overcome them. Logs are naturally unstructured. This means that if you want to visualize or analyze your logs, you are forced to deal with many potential variations. You can eliminate this problem by logging out invalid JSON and setting the foundation for log-driven observability across your applications. 

Monitoring logs in JSON is powerful, but it comes with its own complications. Let’s get into our top JSON logging tips and how they can help.

1. JSON Validation

Of all the JSON logging tips in this document, this one is the least often implemented. Once you’re producing JSON in your logs, you’ll need to ensure that the JSON you’re generating can be validated. For example, if you want to run your logs through some analysis, you must ensure that a given field exists. If it does not exist, the log can be rejected or simply skipped. 

This validation stage helps to ensure that the data you’re analyzing meets some basic requirements, which in turn makes your analysis simpler. The most common approach to validating a JSON object is to use a JSON schema, which has been implemented in dozens of languages and frameworks.

2. Add Context to your JSON Logging Statements

A log statement can announce that a given event has happened, but it can be challenging to understand its significance even without context. Context gives the bigger picture, which helps you draw connections between many log statements to understand what is going on.

For example, if you’re logging out a user’s journey through your website, you may wish to include a sessionId field to make it easy to understand that each event is part of the same session.

{
      level: "INFO",
      message: "User has added Item 12453 to Basket",
      sessionId: "SESS456",
      timestamp: 1634477804
}

3. Remove Whitespace from your JSON Logs

When logging out in JSON, you need to ensure that you’re not filling up valuable disk space with whitespace. More often than not, this whitespace will not add much readability to your logs. It’s far better to compress your JSON logs and focus on using a tool to consume and analyze your data. This may seem like one of the more obvious JSON logging tips, but in reality, people regularly forget it. 

4. Use Logging Levels and Additional Fields

As well as contextual information, you need some basic information in your logs. This is one of the most often ignored JSON logging tips. For example, you can include log levels in your JSON logs. Log levels can be set to custom values, but the standard convention is to use one of the following: TRACE, DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR, and FATAL. Sticking to these conventions will simplify your operational challenge since you can look for any log line worse than ERROR across all of your applications if you need to solve serious incidents quickly. 

In addition, you can include custom values in your JSON logs, such as appName or hostName. Working out which fields you need will be a little trial and error, but a log line that includes some basic fields about the logging source will make it far easier to zone in on the logs from a single microservice.

5. Log Errors And Behaviours

It’s tempting only to write logs whenever there are errors, but as we’ve seen above, logs are so much more potent than simply an error indicator. Logs can provide a rich understanding of your system and are a cornerstone of observability. You may wish to write logs for all sorts of critical events:

  • Whenever a user logs onto your site
  • Whenever a user purchases via your website, and what they’ve purchased
  • The duration a given user request took to complete in milliseconds

But how much should you log?

6. Plan for the Future

How much should you log? The question is a tricky one, but there is a basic truth. Provided you can query your logs effectively, you’re never going to be stuck because you have too much data. Conversely, if you don’t have enough data, there’s nothing you can do about it. 

It is far better to have too much data and need to cut through the noise, which should inform your decision-making when it comes to your JSON logs. Be generous with your logs, and they will be kind to you when you’re troubleshooting a critical issue. Logs can capture a wide array of different events, and remember, if it’s not an important event, you can always set it to DEBUG or TRACE severity and filter it out in your analysis.

7. The Most important JSON Logging Tip: Start with JSON logging

If you’re looking at an empty project, it is far easier to begin with JSON logs than it is to fit JSON logging into your application retrospectively. For this reason, you may wish to consider starting with JSON logging. To make this easier, you can try:

  • Creating a boilerplate for new applications that come with JSON logging by default
  • Install a logging agent on your servers that automatically wrap log lines in JSON so that even if an application starts logging out raw strings, all your logs are still JSON.
  • Make use of libraries like MDC to ensure that specific values are always present in your JSON logs.

So what’s next with your JSON logging?

JSON logging is the start. Once you’ve got some solid JSON logs to work with, you can begin to visualize and analyze your logs in ways that were simply impossible before. You’ll be able to make use of Kibana to render information about your logs, drive alerts based on your JSON logs, and much more.

JSON logs will give you unprecedented insight into your system, and this will enable you to catch incidents sooner, recover faster, and focus on what’s important.