Tag: k8s

This part 2 of a 3-part series on running ELK on Kubernetes with ECK. If you’re just getting started, make sure to checkout Part 1.

Setting Up Elasticsearch on Kubernetes

Picking up where we left off, our Kubernetes cluster is ready for our Elasticsearch stack. We’ll first create an Elasticsearch Node and then continue with setting up Kibana.

Importing Elasticsearch Custom Resource Definitions (CRD) and Operators

Currently, Kubernetes doesn’t yet know about how it should create and manage our various Elasticsearch components. We would have to spend a lot of time manually creating the steps it should follow. But, we can extend Kubernetes’ understanding and functionality, with Custom Resource Definitions and Operators. 

Luckily, the Elasticsearch team provides a ready-made YAML file that defines the necessary resources and operators. This makes our job a lot easier, as all we have to do is feed this file to Kubernetes.

Let’s first log in to our master node:

vagrant ssh kmaster

Note: if your command prompt displays “vagrant@kmaster:~$“, it means you’re already logged in and you can skip this command.

With the next command, we import and apply the structure and logic defined in the YAML file:

kubectl apply -f https://download.elastic.co/downloads/eck/1.1.1/all-in-one.yaml

Optionally, by copying the “https” link from the previous command and pasting it into the address bar of a browser, we can download and examine the file. 

Many definitions have detailed descriptions which can be helpful when we want to understand how to use them.

We can see in the command’s output that a new namespace was created, named “elastic-system”.

Let’s go ahead and list all namespaces in our cluster:

kubectl get ns

Now let’s look at the resources in this namespace:

kubectl -n elastic-system get all

“-n elastic-system” selects the namespace we want to work with and “get all” displays the resources.

The output of this command will be useful when we need to check on things like which Pods are currently running, what services are available, at which IP addresses they can be reached at, and so on.

If the “STATUS” for “pod/elastic-operator-0” displays “ContainerCreating“, then wait a few seconds and then repeat the previous command until you see that the status change to “Running“. 

We need the operator to be active before we continue.

Launching an Elasticsearch Node in Kubernetes

Now it’s time to tell Kubernetes about the state we want to achieve. 

The Kubernetes Operator will then proceed to automatically create and manage the necessary resources to achieve and maintain this state. 

We’ll accomplish this with the help of a YAML file. Let’s analyze its contents before passing it to the kubectl command:

Link to image file

1. kind here means the type of object that we’re describing and intend to create

2. Under metadata, the name, a value of our choosing, helps us identify the resources that’ll be created

3. Under nodeSets, we define things like:

• The name for this set of nodes. 
• In count, we choose the number of Elasticsearch nodes we want to create. 
• Finally, under config, we define how the nodes should be configured. In our case, we’re choosing a single Elasticsearch instance that should be both a Master Node and a Data Node. We’re also using the config option “node.store.allow_mmap: false“, to quickly get started. Note, however, that in a production environment, this section should be carefully configured. For example, in the case of the allow_mmap config setting, users should read Elasticsearch’s documentation about virtual memory before deciding on a specific value.

5. Under podTemplate we have spec (or specifications) for containers. 

• Under env we’re passing some environment variables. These ultimately reach the containers in which our applications will run and some programs can pick up on those variables to change their behavior in some way. The Java Virtual Machine, running in the container and hosting our Elasticsearch application, will notice our variable and change the way it uses memory by default. 
• Also, notice that under resources we define requests with a cpu value of “0.5“. This decreases the CPU priority of this pod.

6. Under http, we define a service, of the type: NodePort. This creates a service that will be accessible even from outside of Kubernetes’ internal network. In this lesson, we will analyze why this option is important and when we’d want to use it.

Under the ports section we find:

• Port tells the service on which port to accept connections. Only apps running inside the Kubernetes cluster can connect to this, so no external connections allowed. For external connections, nodePort will be used.
• targetPort makes the requests received by the Kubernetes service on the previously defined port to be redirected to this targetPort in one of the Pods. Of course, the application running in that Pod/Container will also need to listen on this port, to be able to receive the requests. For example, a program makes a request on port 12345, the service will redirect the request to a pod, on targetPort 54321.
• Kubernetes runs on Nodes, that is physical or virtual machines. Each physical or virtual machine can have its own IP address, on which other computers can communicate with it. This is called the Node’s IP address or external IP address. nodePort opens up a port, on every node in your cluster, that can be accessed by computers that are outside of Kubernetes’ internal network. For example, if one node would be using a publicly accessible IP address, we could connect to that IP and the specified nodePort and Kubernetes would accept the connection and redirect it to the targetPort to one of the Pods.

As mentioned earlier, we can find a lot of the Elasticsearch-specific objects defined in the “all-in-one.yaml” file we used to import Custom Resource Definitions. For example, if we would open the file and search for “nodeSets“, we would see the following:

Link to image file

With that out of the way, let’s finally pass this desired state to Kubernetes:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coralogix-resources/elastic-cloud-on-kubernetes-webinar/master/01_single-node-elasticsearch.yaml

This will take a while, but we can verify progress by looking at the resources available. Initially, the status for our Pod will display “Init:0/1”.

kubectl get all

When the Pod containing our Elasticsearch node is finally created, we should notice in the output of this command that “pod/quickstart-es-default-0” has availability of “1/1” under READY and a STATUS of “Running“. 

Link to image file

Now we’re set to continue.

Retrieving a Password from Kubernetes Secrets

First, we’ll need to authenticate our cURL requests to Elasticsearch with a username and password. Storing this password in the Pods, Containers, or other parts of the filesystem would not be secure, as, potentially, anyone and anything could freely read them. 

Kubernetes has a special location where it can store sensitive data such as passwords, keys or tokens, called Secrets.

To list all secrets protected by Kubernetes, we use the following command:

kubectl get secrets

In our case, the output should look something like this:

We will need the “quickstart-es-elastic-user” secret. With the following command we can examine information about the secret:

kubectl describe secret quickstart-es-elastic-user

We’ll get the following output:

Let’s extract the password stored here and save it to a variable called “PASSWORD”.

PASSWORD=$(kubectl get secret quickstart-es-elastic-user -o go-template='{{.data.elastic | base64decode}}')

To display the password, we can type:

echo $PASSWORD

Making the Elasticsearch Node Publicly Accessible

Let’s list the currently available Kubernetes services:

kubectl get svc

Here’s an example output we will analyze:

A lot of IP addresses we’ll see in Kubernetes are so-called internal IP addresses. This means that they can only be accessed from within the same network. In our case, this would imply that we can connect to certain things only from our Master Node or the other two Worker Nodes, but not from other computers outside this Kubernetes cluster.

When we will run a Kubernetes cluster on physical servers or virtual private servers, these will all have external IP addresses that can be accessed by any device connected to the Internet. By using the previously discussed NodePort service, we open up a certain port on all Nodes. This way, any computer connected to the Internet can get access to services offered by our pods, by sending requests to the external IP address of a Kubernetes node and the specified NodePort number.

Alternatively, instead of NodePort, we can also use a LoadBalancer type of service to make something externally available.

In our case, we can see that all incoming requests, on the external IP of the Node, to port 31920/TCP will be routed to port 9200 on the Pods.

We extracted the necessary password earlier, so now we can fire a cURL request to our Elasticsearch node:

curl -u elastic:$PASSWORD -k https://localhost:31920

Since we made this request from the “kmaster” Node, it still goes through Kubernetes’ internal network. 

So to see if our service is indeed available from outside this network, we can do the following.

First, we need to find out the external IP address for the Node we’ll use. We can list all external IPs of all Nodes with this command:

kubectl get nodes --selector=kubernetes.io/role!=master -o jsonpath={.items[*].status.addresses[?(@.type=="InternalIP")].address} ; echo

Alternatively, we can use another method:

ip addr

And look for the IP address displayed under “eth1”, like in the following:

However, this method requires closer attention, as the external IP may become associated with a different adapter name in the future. For example, the identifier might start with the string “enp”.

In our case, the IP we extracted here belongs to the VirtualBox machine that is running this specific Node. If the Kubernetes Node would run on a server instead, it would be the publicly accessible IP address of that server.

Now, let’s assume for a moment that the external IP of our node is 172.42.42.100. If you want to run this exercise, you’ll need to replace this with the actual IP of your own Node, in case it differs. 

You will also need to replace the password, with the one that was generated in your case.

Let’s display the password again:

echo $PASSWORD

Select and copy the output you get since we’ll need to paste it in another window.

In our example, the output is 3sun1I8PB41X2C8z91Xe7DGy, but you shouldn’t use this. We brought attention to this value just so you can see where your password should be placed in the next command.

Next, minimize your current SSH session or terminal window, don’t close it, as you’ll soon return to that session. 

Windows: If you’re running Windows, open up a Command Prompt and execute the next command. 

Linux/Mac: On Linux or Mac, you would need to open up a new terminal window instead. 

Windows 10 and some versions of Linux have the cURL utility installed by default. If it’s not available out of the box for you, you will have to install it before running the next command. 

Remember to replace highlighted values with what applies to your situation:

curl -u "elastic:3sun1I8PB41X2C8z91Xe7DGy" -k "https://172.42.42.100:31920"

And there it is, you just accessed your Elasticsearch Node that’s running in a Kubernetes Pod by sending a request to the Kubernetes Node’s external IP address. 

Now let’s close the Command Prompt or the Terminal for Mac users and return to the previously minimized SSH session, where we’re logged in to the kmaster Node.

Setting Up Kibana

Creating the Kibana Pod

As we did with our Elasticsearch node, we’ll declare to Kubernetes what state we want to achieve, and it will take the necessary steps to bring up and maintain a Kibana instance.

Let’s look at a few key points in the YAML file that we’ll pass to the kubectl command:

Image link

1. The elasticsearchRef entry is important, as it points Kibana to the Elasticsearch cluster it should connect to.
2. In the service and ports sections, we can see it’s similar to what we had with the Elasticsearch Node, making it available through a NodePort service on an external IP address.

Now let’s apply these specifications from our YAML file:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coralogix-resources/elastic-cloud-on-kubernetes-webinar/master/02_kibana.yaml

It will take a while for Kubernetes to create the necessary structures. We can check its progress with:

kubectl get pods

The name of the Kibana pod will start with the string “quickstart-kb-“. If we don’t see “1/1” under READY and a STATUS of Running, for this pod, we should wait a little more and repeat the command until we notice that it’s ready.

Accessing the Kibana Web User Interface

Let’s list the services again to extract the port number where we can access Kibana.

kubectl get svc

We can see the externally accessible port is 31560. We also need the IP address of a Kubernetes Node. 

The procedure is the same as the one we followed before and the external IPs should also be the same:

kubectl get nodes --selector=kubernetes.io/role!=master -o jsonpath={.items[*].status.addresses[?(@.type=="InternalIP")].address} ; echo

Finally, we can now open up a web browser, where, in the URL address bar we type “https://” followed by the IP address and the port number. The IP and port should be separated by a colon (:) sign. 

Here’s an example of how this could look like:

https://172.42.42.100:31560

Since Kibana currently uses a self-signed SSL/TLS security certificate, not validated by a certificate authority, the browser will automatically refuse to open the web page. 

To continue, we need to follow the steps specific to each browser. For example, in Chrome, we would click on “Advanced” and then at the bottom of the page, click on “Proceed to 172.42.42.100 (unsafe)“. 

On production systems, you should use valid SSL/TLS certificates, signed by a proper certificate authority. The Elasticsearch documentation has instructions about how we can import our own certificates when we need to.

Finally, the Kibana dashboard appears:

Under username, we enter “elastic” and the password is the same one we retrieved in the $PASSWORD variable. If we need to display it again, we can go back to our SSH session on the kmaster Node and enter the command:

echo $PASSWORD

Inspecting Pod Logs

Now let’s list our Pods again:

kubectl get pods

By copying and pasting the pod name to the next command, we can look at the logs Kubernetes keeps for this resource. We also use the “-f” switch here to “follow” our log, that is, watch it as it’s generated.

kubectl logs quickstart-es-default-0 -f

Whenever we open logs in this “follow” mode, we’ll need to press CTRL+C when we want to exit.

Installing The Kubernetes Dashboard

So far, we’ve relied on the command line to analyze and control various things in our Kubernetes infrastructure. But just like Kibana can make some things easier to visualize and analyze, so can the Kubernetes Web User Interface.

Important Note: Please note that the YAML file used here is meant just as an ad-hoc, simple solution to quickly add Kubernetes Web UI to the cluster. Otherwise said, we used a modified config that gives you instant results, so you can experiment freely and effortlessly. But while this is good for testing purposes, it is NOT SAFE for a production system as it will make the Web UI publicly accessible and won’t enforce proper login security. If you intend to ever add this to a production system, follow the steps in the official Kubernetes Web UI documentation.

Let’s pass the next YAML file to Kubernetes, which will do the heavy lifting to create and configure all of the components necessary to create a Kubernetes Dashboard:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coralogix-resources/elastic-cloud-on-kubernetes-webinar/master/03_k8s_dashboard-not-safe-for-production.yaml

As usual, we can check with the next command if the job is done:

kubectl get pods

Once the Dashboard Pod is running, let’s list the Services, to find the port we need to use to connect to it:

kubectl get svc

In our example output, we see that Dashboard is made available at port 30000.

Just like in the previous sections, we use the Kubernetes Node’s external IP address, and port, to connect to the Service. Open up a browser and type the following in the address bar, replacing the IP address and port, if necessary, with your actual values:

https://172.42.42.100:30000

The following will appear:

Since we’re just testing functionality here, we don’t need to configure anything and we can just click “Skip” and then we’ll be greeted with the Overview page in the Kubernetes Web UI.

Installing Plugins to an Elasticsearch Node Managed by Kubernetes

We might encounter a need for plugins to expand Elasticsearch’s basic functionality. Here, we will assume we need the S3 plugin to access Amazon’s object storage service.

The process we’ll go through looks like this:

Storing S3 Authentication Keys as Kubernetes Secrets

We previously explored how to extract values from Kubernetes’ secure Secret vault. Now we’ll learn how to add sensitive data here.

To make sure that only authorized parties can access them, S3 buckets will ask for two keys. We will use the following fictional values.

AWS_ACCESS_KEY=123456

AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=123456789

If, in the future, you want to adapt this exercise for a real-world scenario, you would just copy the key values from your Amazon Dashboard and paste them in the next two commands.

To add these keys, with their associated values, to Kubernetes Secrets, we would enter the following commands:

kubectl create secret generic awsaccesskey --from-literal=AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=123456

and:

kubectl create secret generic awssecretkey --from-literal=AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=123456789

Each command will output a message, informing the user that the secret has been created.

Let’s list the secrets we have available now:

kubectl get secrets

Notice our newly added entries:

We can also visualize these in the Kubernetes Dashboard:

Installing the Elasticsearch S3 Plugin

When we created our Elasticsearch node, we described the desired state in a YAML file and passed it to Kubernetes through a kubectl command. To install the plugin, we simply describe a new, changed state, in another YAML file, and pass it once again to Kubernetes.

The modifications to our original YAML config are highlighted here:

Image Link

The first group of changes we added are as follows:

                - name: AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
                  valueFrom:
                    secretKeyRef:
                      name: awsaccesskey
                      key: AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
                - name: AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
                  valueFrom:
                    secretKeyRef:
                      name: awssecretkey
                      key: AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY

Here, we create environment variables named AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY, inside the Container. We assign them the values of our secret keys, extracted from the Kubernetes Secrets vault.

In the second group of changes we added this:

          initContainers:
            - name: install-plugins
              command:
                - sh
                - -c
                - |
                  bin/elasticsearch-plugin install --batch repository-s3
                  echo $AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID | /usr/share/elasticsearch/bin/elasticsearch-keystore add --stdin s3.client.default.access_key
                  echo $AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY | /usr/share/elasticsearch/bin/elasticsearch-keystore add --stdin s3.client.default.secret_key

Here, we simply instruct Kubernetes to execute certain commands when it initializes the Containers. The commands will first install the S3 plugin and then configure it with the proper secret key values, passed along through the $AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID and $AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY environment variables.

To get started, let’s first delete the Elasticsearch node from our Kubernetes cluster, by removing its associated YAML specification:

kubectl delete -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coralogix-resources/elastic-cloud-on-kubernetes-webinar/master/01_single-node-elasticsearch.yaml

If we now check the status of the Pods, with:

kubectl get pods

We can see that the Elasticsearch Pod has a STATUS of “Terminating“.

Finally, let’s apply our latest desired state for our Elasticsearch Node, with the S3 plugin installed:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coralogix-resources/elastic-cloud-on-kubernetes-webinar/master/04_single_node_es_plugin_install.yaml

After a while, we can check the status of the Pods again to see if Kubernetes finished setting up the new configuration:

kubectl get pods

As usual, a STATUS of “Running” means the job is complete:

Verifying Plugin Installation

Since we’ve created a new Elasticsearch container, this will use a newly generated password to authenticate cURL requests. Let’s retrieve it, once again, and store it in the PASSWORD variable:

PASSWORD=$(kubectl get secret quickstart-es-elastic-user -o go-template='{{.data.elastic | base64decode}}')

It’s useful to list the Services again, to check which port we’ll need to use in order to send cURL requests to the Elasticsearch Node:

kubectl get svc

Take note of the port displayed for “quickstart-es-http” since we’ll use it in the next command:

Finally, we can send a cURL request to Elasticsearch to display the plugins it is using: 

curl -XGET -u elastic:$PASSWORD -k https://localhost:31920/_cat/plugins

Now the output will show that the repository-s3 plugin is active. 

In the third and final post of this series (coming next week), we’ll:

• Use persistent volumes for storage
• Setup a multi-node cluster deployment
• Setup a Hot-warm architecture 
• Learn about upgrade management

More and more employers are looking for people experienced in building and running Kubernetes-based systems, so it’s a great time to start learning how to take advantage of the new technology. Elasticsearch consists of multiple nodes working together, and Kubernetes can automate the process of creating these nodes and taking care of the infrastructure for us, so running ELK on Kubernetes can be a good options in many scenarios.

We’ll start this with an overview of Kubernetes and how it works behind the scenes. Then, armed with that knowledge, we’ll try some practical hands-on exercises to get our hands dirty and see how we can build and run Elastic Cloud on Kubernetes, or ECK for short.

What we’ll cover:

• Fundamental Kubernetes concepts
• Use Vagrant to create a Kubernetes cluster with one master node and two worker nodes
• Create Elasticsearch clusters on Kubernetes
• Extract a password from Kubernetes secrets
• Publicly expose services running on Kubernetes Pods to the Internet, when needed.
• How to install Kibana
• Inspect Pod logs
• Install the Kubernetes Web UI (i.e. Dashboard)
• Install plugins on an Elasticsearch node running in a Kubernetes container

System Requirements: Before proceeding further, we recommend a system with at least 12GB of RAM, 8 CPU cores, and a fast internet connection. If your computer doesn’t meet the requirements, just use a VPS (virtual private server) provider. Google Cloud is one service that meets the requirements, as it supports nested virtualization on Ubuntu (VirtualBox works on their servers).

There’s a trend, lately, to run everything in isolated little boxes, either virtual machines or containers. There are many reasons for doing this so we won’t get into it here, but if you’re interested, you can read Google’s motivation for using containers. 

Let’s just say that containers make some aspects easier for us, especially in large-scale operations.

Managing one, two, or three containers is no big deal and we can usually do it manually. But when we have to deal with tens or hundreds of them, we need some help. 

This is where Kubernetes comes in.

What is Kubernetes?

By way of analogy, if containers are the workers in a company, then Kubernetes would be the manager, supervising everything that’s happening and taking appropriate measures to keep everything running smoothly.

After we define a plan of action, Kubernetes does the heavy lifting to fulfill our requirements.

Examples of what you can do with K8s:

• Launch hundreds of containers, or whatever number needed with much less effort
• Set up ways that containers can communicate with each other (i.e. networking)
• Automatically scale up or down. When demand is high, create more containers, even on multiple physical servers, so that the stress of the high demand is distributed across multiple machines, making it easier to process. As soon as demand goes down, it can remove unneeded containers, as well as the nodes that were hosting them (if they’re sitting idle).
• If there are a ton of requests coming in, Kubernetes can load balance and evenly distribute the workload to multiple containers and nodes.
• Containers are carefully monitored with health checks, according to user-defined specifications. If one stops working, Kubernetes can restart it, create a new one as a replacement, or kill it entirely. If a physical machine running containers fails, those containers can be moved to another physical machine that’s still working correctly.

Kubernetes Cluster Structure

Let’s analyze the structure from the top down to get a good handle on things before diving into the hands-on section.

First, Kubernetes must run on computers of some kind. It might end up being on dedicated servers, virtual private servers, or virtual machines hosted by a capable server. 

Multiple such machines running Kubernetes components form a Kubernetes cluster, which is considered the whole universe of Kubernetes, because everything, from containers to data, to monitoring systems and networking exists here. 

In this little universe, there has to be a central point of command, like the “brains” of Kubernetes. We call this the master node. This node assumes control of the other nodes, sometimes also called worker nodes. The master node manages the worker nodes, while these, in turn, run the containers and do the actual work of hosting our applications, services, processing data, and so on.

Master Node

Basically, we’re the master of our master node, and it, in turn, is the master of every other node.

We instruct our master node about what state we want to achieve which then proceeds to take the necessary steps to fulfill our demands. 

Simply put, it automates our plan of action and tries to keep the system state within set parameters, at all times.

Nodes (or Worker Nodes)

The Nodes are like the “worker bees” of a Kubernetes cluster and provide the physical resources, such as CPU, storage space, memory, to run our containers.

Basic Kubernetes Concepts

Up until this point, we kept things simple and just peaked at the high-level structure of a Kubernetes cluster. So now let’s zoom in and take a closer look at the internal structure so we better understand what we’re about to get our hands dirty with.

Pods

Pods are like the worker ants of Kubernetes – the smallest units of execution. They are where applications run and do their actual work, processing data. A Pod has its own storage resources, and its own IP address and runs a container, or sometimes, multiple containers grouped together as a single entity.

Services

Pods can appear and disappear at any moment, each time with a different IP address. It would be quite hard to send requests to Pods since they’re basically a moving target. To get around this, we use Kubernetes Services.

A K8s Service is like a front door to a group of Pods. The service gets its own IP address. When a request is sent to this IP address, the service then intelligently redirects it to the appropriate Pod. We can see how this approach provides a fixed location that we can reach. It can also be used as a mechanism for things like load balancing. The service can decide how to evenly distribute all incoming requests to appropriate Pods.

Namespaces

Physical clusters can be divided into multiple virtual clusters, called namespaces. We might use these for a scenario in which two different development teams need access to one Kubernetes cluster. 

With separate namespaces, we don’t need to worry if one team screws up the other team’s namespace since they’re logically isolated from one another.

Deployments

In deployments, we describe a state that we want to achieve. Kubernetes then proceeds to work its magic to achieve that state. 

Deployments enable:

• Quick updates – all Pods can gradually be updated, one-by-one, by the Deployment Controller. This gets rid of having to manually update each Pod. A tedious process no one enjoys.
• Maintain the health of our structure – if a Pod crashes or misbehaves, the controller can replace it with a new one that works.
• Recover Pods from failing nodes – if a node should go down, the controller can quickly launch working Pods in another, functioning node.
• Automatically scale up and down based on the CPU utilization of Pods.
• Rollback changes that created issues. We’ve all been there 🙂

Labels and Selectors

First, things like Pods, services, namespaces, volumes, and the like, are called “objects”. We can apply labels to objects. Labels help us by grouping and organizing subsets of these objects that we need to work with. 

The way Labels are constructed is with key/value pairs. Consider these examples:

app:nginx

site:example.com

Applied to specific Pods, it can easily help us identify and select those that are running the Nginx web server and are hosting a specific website.

And finally, with a selector, we can match the subset of objects we intend to work with. For example, a selector like

app = nginx

site = example.com

This would match all the Pods running Nginx and hosting “example.com”.

Ingress

In a similar way that Kubernetes Services sit in front of Pods to redirect requests, Ingress sits in front of Services to load balance between different Services using SSL/TLS to encrypt web traffic or using name-based hosting. 

Let’s take an example to explain name-based hosting. Say there are two different domain names, for example, “a.example.com” and “b.example.com” pointing to the same ingress IP address. Ingress can be made to route requests coming from “a.example.com” to service A and requests from “b.example.com” to service B.

Stateful Sets

Deployments assume that applications in Kubernetes are stateless, that is, they start and finish their job and can then be terminated at any time – with no state being preserved. 

However, we’ll need to deal with Elasticsearch, which needs a stateful approach. 

Kubernetes has a mechanism for this called StatefulSets. Pods are assigned persistent identifiers, which makes it possible to do things like:

• Preserve access to the same volume, even if the Pod is restarted or moved to another node.
• Assign persistent network identifiers, even if Pods are moved to other nodes.
• Start Pods in a certain order, which is useful in scenarios where Pod2 depends on Pod1 so, obviously, Pod1 would need to start first, every time.
• Rolling updates in a specific order.

Persistent Volumes

A persistent volume is simply storage space that has been made available to the Kubernetes cluster. This storage space can be provided from the local hardware, or from cloud storage solutions.

When a Pod is deleted, its associated volume data is also deleted. As the name suggests, persistent volumes preserve their data, even after a Pod that was using it disappears. Besides keeping data around, it also allows multiple Pods to share the same data.

Before a Pod can use a persistent volume, though,  it needs to make a Persistent Volume Claim on it.

Headless Service

We previously saw how a Service sits in front of a group of Pods, acting as a middleman, redirecting incoming requests to a dynamically chosen Pod. But this also hides the Pods from the requester, since it can only “talk” with the Service’s IP address. 

If we remove this IP, however, we get what’s called a Headless Service. At that point, the requester could bypass the middle man and communicate directly with one of the Pods. That’s because their IP addresses are now made available to the outside world.

This type of service is often used with Stateful Sets.

Kubectl

Now, we need a way to interact with our entire Kubernetes cluster. The kubectl command allows us to enter commands to get kubectl to do what we need. It then interacts with the Kubernetes API, and all of the other components, to execute our desired actions.

Let’s look at a few simple commands. 

For example, to check the cluster information, we’d would enter:

kubectl cluster-info

If we wanted to list all nodes in the cluster, we’d enter:

kubectl get nodes

We’ll take a look at many more examples in our hands-on exercises.

Operators

Some operations can be complex. For example, upgrading an application might require a large number of steps, verifications, and decisions on how to act if something goes wrong. This might be easy to with one installation, but what if we have 1000 to worry about? 

In Kubernetes, hundreds, thousands, or more containers might be running at any given point. If we would have to manually do a similar operation on all of them, it’s why we’d want to automate that.

Enter Operators. We can think of them as a sort of “software operators,” replacing the need for human operators. These are written specifically for an application, to help us, as service owners, to automate tasks.

Operators can deploy and run the many containers and applications we need, react to failures and try to recover from them, automatically backup data, and so on. This essentially lets us extend Kubernetes beyond its out-of-the-box capabilities without modifying the actual Kubernetes code.

Custom Resources

Since Kubernetes is modular by design, we can extend the API’s basic functionality. For example, the default installation might not have appropriate mechanisms to deal efficiently with our specific application and needs. By registering a new Custom Resource Definition, we can add the functionality we need, custom-tailored for our specific application. In our exercises, we’ll explore how to add Custom Resource Definitions for various Elasticsearch applications.

Hands-On Exercises

Basic Setup

Ok, now the fun begins. We’ll start by creating virtual machines that will be added as nodes to our Cluster. We will use VirtualBox to make it simpler.

1. Installing VirtualBox

1.1 Installing VirtualBox on Windows

Let’s go to the download page: https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads and click on “Windows Hosts”.

We can then open the setup file we just downloaded and click “Next” in the installation wizard, keeping the default options selected.

After finishing with the installation, it’s a good idea to check if everything works correctly by opening up VirtualBox, either from the shortcut added to the desktop, or the Start Menu.

If everything seems to be in order, we can close the program and continue with the Vagrant setup.

1.2 Installing VirtualBox on Ubuntu

First, we need to make sure that the Ubuntu Multiverse repository is enabled.

Afterward, we install VirtualBox with the next command:

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install virtualbox-qt

Let’s try to run VirtualBox to ensure the install was successful:

virtualbox

Once the app opens up, we can close it and continue with Vagrant.

1.3 Installing VirtualBox on macOS

Let’s download the setup file from https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads and click on “OS X hosts.”

We can now open the DMG file, execute the PKG inside and run the installer. We keep the default options selected and continue with the steps in the install wizard.

Let’s open up the terminal and check if the install was successful.

virtualbox

If the application opens up and everything seems to be in order, we can continue with the Vagrant setup.

2. Installing Vagrant

It would be pretty time-consuming to set up each virtual machine for use with Kubernetes. But we will use Vagrant, a tool that automates this process, making our work much easier.

2.1 Installing Vagrant on Windows

Installing on Windows is easy. We just need to visit the following address, https://www.vagrantup.com/downloads.html, and click on the appropriate link for the Windows platform. Nowadays, it’s almost guaranteed that everyone would need the 64-bit executable. Only download the 32-bit program if you’re certain your machine has an older, 32-bit processor.

Now we just need to follow the steps in the install wizard, keeping the default options selected.

If at the end of the setup you’re prompted to restart your computer, please do so, to make sure all components are configured correctly.

Let’s see if the “vagrant” command is available. Click on the Start Menu, type “cmd” and open up “Command Prompt”. Next, type:

vagrant --version

If the program version is displayed, we can move on to the next section and provision our Kubernetes cluster.

2.2 Installing Vagrant on Ubuntu

First, we need to make sure that the Ubuntu Universe repository is enabled.

If that’s enabled, installing Vagrant is as simple as running the following command:

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install vagrant

Finally, let’s double-check that the program was successfully installed, with:

vagrant --version

2.3 Installing Vagrant on macOS

Let’s first download the setup file from https://www.vagrantup.com/downloads.html, which, at the time of this writing, would be found at the bottom of the page, next to the macOS icon.

Once the download is finished, let’s open up the DMG file, execute the PKG inside, and go through the steps of the install wizard, leaving the default selections as they are.

Once the install is complete, we will be presented with this window.

But we can double-check if Vagrant is fully set up by opening up the terminal and typing the next command:

vagrant --version

Provisioning the Kubernetes Cluster 

Vagrant will interact with the VirtualBox API to create and set up the required virtual machines for our cluster. Here’s a quick overview of the workflow.

Once Vagrant finishes the job, we will end up with three virtual machines. One machine will be the master node and the other two will be worker nodes.

Let’s first download the files that we will use with Vagrant, from https://github.com/coralogix-resources/elastic-cloud-on-kubernetes-webinar/raw/master/k8s_ubuntu.zip

Credit for files: https://bitbucket.org/exxsyseng/k8s_ubuntu/src/master/

Next, we have to extract the directory “k8s_ubuntu” from this ZIP file.

Now let’s continue, by entering the directory we just unzipped. You’ll need to adapt the next command to point to the location where you extracted your files. 

For example, on Windows, if you extracted the directory to your Desktop, the next command would be “cd Desktopk8s_ubuntu”. 

On Linux, if you extracted to your Downloads directory, the command would be “cd Downloads/k8s_ubuntu”.

cd k8s_ubuntu

We’ll need to be “inside” this directory when we run a subsequent “vagrant up” command.

Let’s take a look at the files within. On Windows, enter:

dir

On Linux/macOS, enter:

ls -lh

The output will look something like this:

We can see a file named “Vagrantfile”. This is where the main instructions exist, telling Vagrant how it should provision our virtual machines.

Let’s open the file, since we need to edit it:

Note: In case you’re running an older version of Windows, we recommend you edit in WordPad instead of Notepad. Older versions of Notepad have trouble interpreting EOL (end of line) characters in this file, making the text hard to read since lines wouldn’t properly be separated.

Look for the text “v.memory” found under the “Kubernetes Worker Nodes” section. We’ll assign this variable a value of 4096, to ensure that each Worker Node gets 4 GB of RAM because Elasticsearch requires at least this amount to function properly with the 4 nodes we will add later on. We’ll also change “v.cpus” and assign it a value of 2 instead of 1.

After we save our edited file, we can finally run Vagrant:

vagrant up

Now, this might take a while since there’re quite a few things that need to be downloaded and set up. We’ll be able to follow its progress in the output and we may get a few prompts to accept some changes.

When the job is done, we can SSH into the master node by typing:

vagrant ssh kmaster

Let’s check if Kubernetes is up and running:

kubectl get nodes

This will list the nodes that make up this cluster:

Pretty awesome! We are well on our way to implementing the ELK stack on Kubernetes. So far, we’ve created our Kubernetes cluster and just barely scratched the surface of what we can do with such automation tools. 

Stay tuned for more about Running ELK on Kubernetes with the rest of the series!

Part 2 – Coming December 22nd, 2020

Part 3 – Coming December 29th, 2020